King Coal And The Heat Values Of Fuels


A Potted History Of The Human Use Of Coal

The term 'coal' covers many different materials with a common property: they are materials high in carbon which were formed from plant residues under pressure and over geologically long periods.

BCE 13,000 - black amber, or jet, is known to have been used¹ for ornamental purposes in Britain.
BCE 2 - 3,000 - natural outcrop coal used for fuel in Britain.
CE 200 - 400 - exploitation of surface coal fields on, by modern standards, a small scale.
CE 1200 - 1300 - trade has developed in coal; mining is in development.
CE 1600 - 1700 - experiments with steam engines, leading to

Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good
The Dublin Statement on Water and Economic Development

In a warming world, will people fight over dwindling water supplies?  Will there be water wars?  What has economics to teach us about this?  As glaciers recede, as lakes and rivers dry up, what then of the laws of supply and demand?  What then of property rights and the free ride principle^*?

..........................................................
The War Of The Wells

GMST : Discovering Trends

What Is The Average Global Temperature? asks Adam Retchless


Adam's question is a good one. 

In brief, and very much oversimplified:

WARNING!  Very bad joke alert.  Please engage brain before reading further.

Scoop!  Newsflash!  No Science At IPCC!

Following hot on the heels of recent news about emails, glaciers and rainforests comes a new discovery that will warm the hearts of climate change deniers everywhere.  It is indisputable fact that the IPCC does not conduct any research nor does it monitor climate related data or parameters.