Studies have shown that men find female faces more attractive when women are ovulating, but how they might know - the visual clues that allow this - are unclear.

New research research sought to show it might be subtle changes in skin color and that women's faces do increase in redness during ovulation. The scholars found it was so, but the levels of change are just under the detectable range of the human eye. They speculate that facial redness in females was once an involuntary signal for optimal fertility, but has since been "dampened" by evolution - it's best not to look too fertile walking down those city streets and psychologists think that is how evolution works. 

Involuntarily signaling ovulation can prevent longer-term investment from males. In primate species that advertise ovulation, males only express sexual interest in females when they appear to be fertile. In humans, ovulation is less conspicuous and sexual behavior is not restricted to the period of peak fertility. 

And primates, including humans, are attracted to red, say the study's authors. Women may subconsciously augment the naturally-occurring facial redness during ovulation through make-up such as blusher or red clothing, they say. An open access paper is born.

Credit: Greg Peverill-Conti

For the paper, 22 women were photographed without make-up at the same time every working day for at least one month in the same environment and using a scientific camera modified to more accurately capture color (usually used for studying camouflage in wildlife). A computer program selected an identical patch of cheek from each photograph. The participants also self-tested for hormone changes at key times dictated by the research team's "period maths". 

A surge in luteinising hormone told researchers that ovulation would occur in roughly the next 24 hours, so they knew which photographs were taken when the women were most fertile. The team converted the imagery into red/green/blue (RGB) values to measure color levels and changes. 

They found that redness varied significantly across the ovulatory cycle, peaking at ovulation and remaining high during the latter stages of the cycle after estrogen levels have fallen. Skin redness then dips considerably once menstruation begins. The research suggests facial redness closely maps fluctuations in body temperature during the cycle. However, when running the results through models of human visual perception, the largest average difference in redness was 0.6 units. A change of 2.2 units are needed to be detectable to the naked human eye. 

"Women don't advertise ovulation, but they do seem to leak information about it, as studies have shown they are seen as more attractive by men when ovulating," said Dr Hannah Rowland, from the University of Cambridge's Zoology Department, who led the study with Dr Robert Burriss, a psychologist from Northumbria University. "We had thought facial skin color might be an outward signal for ovulation, as it is in other primates, but this study shows facial redness is not what men are picking up on - although it could be a small piece of a much larger puzzle.

"As far back as the 1970s, scientists were speculating that involuntary signals of fertility such as skin color changes might be replaced with voluntary signals, such as clothing and behavior," said Burriss. "Some species of primate advertise their fertility through changes in the colour of their faces. Even if humans once advertised ovulation in this way, it appears that we don't anymore."

It may be that, during ovulation, women have a greater propensity for blushing when around men they find attractive, say the researchers. "Other research has shown that when women are in the fertile phase of their cycle they are more flirtatious and their pupils dilate more readily, but only when they are thinking about or interacting with attractive men," said Burriss. "We will need to do more research to find out if skin redness changes in the same way".

Rowland and Burriss first conceived of the experiment seven years ago, but it wasn't until Rowland arrived at Cambridge that they were able to do the research, thanks to the University's collegiate system. "We were able to recruit undergraduates in a number of colleges and photograph the women just before they had dinner in the college hall every evening. The collegiate routines and networks were vital to collecting data with such regularity," said Rowland.

Thus, psychology remains a study of college students.