Renewable Energy sources (RES) include small hydro project, Biomass, Gasifier, Biomass power, urban and Industrial water power and wind energy. <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />



 



 



30  percent of the primary energy consumption in <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />India still comes from non-commercial energy sources like firewood, agricultural waste and dung cakes. In 2000, the primary source of cooking energy was firewood and woodchips or dung cakes for 86 percent of rural household. In urban areas as well more than 20 percent of all households rely mainly on firewood and chips. Only 5 percent of the households in rural areas and 44 percent in urban areas used LPG, Kerosene is used by 22 percent of urban households and only 2.7 percent of rural households.



 



In the country side Jatropha may be a good candidate for producing straight vegetable oil which could used in the country side in local indian engines.



But long term engine experiences  with such liquid biofuel are  still lacking . SPRI will try to get more information on this issues in India



 



Jatropha may give different yields according to agronomical treatment ( irrigation fertilizing eztc..) But from an economical point of view these yields deserves to be compared to other options and other crops.



In particular irrigation and fertilizing may appear to be appropriate only if the oilcake can be valorized as fodder for animals . This requires  a proper detoxification which is not  possible to today but which may become  feasible in the future .



 



The total installed capacity as on 30.04.08 is given in the following table:



 



 



 















































































































































1. Total installed capacity



MW (mega watt)



Percentage



Fuel:



MW (mega watt)



Percentage



Total Thermal



92,156.84



64.6



Hydro



35,908.76



24.7



Nuclear



4,120.00



2.9



Renewable



11125.41



7.7



Total



1.43,311.01



100.00



2. Rural electrification



 



 



No of villages (Census 1991)



593,732



 



Villages electrified



488,169



 



Electrification % age



82.2 %



 



3. Overall electrification (REC Annual report.



 



 



 



Household electrified



60.18 million (43.5%)



 



Household yet to be electrified



78.09 million (56.5%)



 



 



Total number of household



138.27 million.



 



Source:www.powermin.nic.in



RES=Renewable Energy Sources include:



Small hydro, biomass, gasifier, biomass power, urban and industrial water power and wind energy.



 



 



 



 



 



State wise installed power capacity: MW (mega watt):



 



 











































































































































































































State



Area



Thermal



Nuclear



Renewable



Total installed power capacity.



Maharastra



 



13692.28



852.06



5276



19820.40



Andhra Pradesh



 



7632.38



37.41



4199.78



12163.57



 



 



Karnataka



 



3757.09



199.90



4987.34



9229.33



Tamil Nadu



 



6925.37



657.39



6220.35



14697.11



Gujarat



 



8596.89



825.00



2008.20



11430.09



Utter Pradesh



 



7294.47



203.72



1836.47



9334.66



 



Madhya Pradesh



 



4312.51



92.88



3483.86



7889.27



Rajasthan



 



3774.03



469.00



2042.92



6285.95



Uttarakhand



 



301.05



16.28



2060.90



2378.23



Bihar



 



1846.59



0.0



123.40



1969.99



Meghalya



 



28.05



0.0



260.03



288.08



Tripura



 



165.35



0.0



78.01



243.36



Andaman and Nicobar



 



60.05



0.0



5.35



65.40



 



 



There is huge shortage of electricity in India at the moment coupled with very limited access to electricity especially in rural areas. The Planning commissions Integrated Energy Policy report makes the following projection (assuming an annual national growth rate of 8.0 % ) for electricity demand in India for the coming years.



Projections for electricity demand at 8 percent growth rate:



 













































































Year



Power



(billion kWh)



Peak demand(GW)



Installed capacity



(GW).



2006



761



1-8



153



2011



1097



158



220



2016



1524



226



306



2021



2118



323



425



2026



2866



437



575



2031



3880



592



778



 



Various possible scenario have been worked out for supplying the amount of electricity forecast to be required. Thermal power is still expected to supply the major bulk of the power, thereby greatly increasing fuel requirement. Fuel requirement for future electricity generation as per one scenario with 8 % annual growth rate are shown below:



 



Scenerio for future electicity generation at 8 % annual growth rate:



 























































































































Year



Electricity generation



(Billion kWh)



Amount supplied by thermal power



( based on coal, natural gas and oil in Billion kWh



Fuel requirements:



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



Coal (MT)



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



Natural Gas



(BCM)



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



Oil (MT)*



2003



592



498



318



11



6



2006



711



577



337



12



6



2011



1026



812



463



19



8



2016



1425



1029



603



33



9



2021



1981



1521



832



52



12



2026



2680



2050



1109



77



14



2031



3628



2828



1475



119



17



* Includes secondary oil for coal based generation.



 



Going by the past record, these anticipated capacity addition may not materialize in their entirety. As against target of 41,110 MW of conventional capacity addition in 10th five year plan (2002-07), India managed  to add meagre 21,094.6 MW. Constrains such as lack of availability of indigenous coal and natural gas supplies and problems with importing coal and natural gas could be additional factors in under realization of the above planned capacity.



 



Renewables: for energy security and autonomy: