Epidemiologists have linked El Niño, a recurring pattern where every 2-7 years warm waters in the Equatorial Pacific change the weather, to short stature, also known as stunting,  which is usually due to chronic malnutrition.

The authors found that children born in coastal Peru during and after the 1997-98 El Niño, the last strong one, have a lower height-for-age than others born before the event. 

El Niño
has also been linked to epidemics of malaria, dengue fever, cholera and diarrhea, though the first recorded one was in 1525, so they have been happening a lot longer than that.. 

How can the weather stunt growth?  

El Niño happens more often than other natural events and William Checkley and colleagues at Johns Hopkins University say the heavy rainfall and severe flooding results in damage to crops and livestock, which leads to a
resource-limited environment. The 1997-98 El Niño episode damaged bridges and roads isolated many rural villages, greatly restricting communities' access to food, clean water and health care. To link weather to stunted growth, the scholars studied a cluster of rural villages in Tumbes, Peru, from which they selected a random sample of 2095 children, born between 1991 and 2001, aged 7-18 years. 

Nutritional status is an important measure of the well-being of children, so the researchers used nutritional indicators as the basis of their calculations. The height-for-age (HAZ) was calculated according to World Health Organization (WHO) Reference for children 5 to 19 years of age. "The effects of natural disasters, i.e., severe weather variability from an El Niño, have long-lasting effects on health," the article says. Children born both during and after the 1997-98 El Niño were shorter, with a lower HAZ, than would be expected.

The highest proportions of stunting were in those with the earliest birth dates. Children born in January 1991 were below the WHO reference for HAZ, while children born in later years had an improved stature. The steady linear improvement in overall nutritional status showed that HAZ increased with each subsequent year of birth. Flooding, specifically, stunted children's growth. Even three years after the initial disaster, it still affected children's nutritional status.

Children born during the disaster as well as during its aftermath lacked a diet adequate for optimal growth. Having to forego nutrient or energy dense foods meant that children had a significantly lower lean mass. "This is not surprising, given that later body composition is strongly influenced by the nutritional environment experienced in early life." Constraints on early growth, whether they occur in foetal life or infancy, can lead to other developmental problems and could increase the risk of chronic degenerative diseases.

The long-term health defects are attributed to increased infection and severe food shortages during El Niño. Damaged crops and livestock limited food reserves, while bouts of diarrhoea spiked both during and after the episode due to the warmer and wetter conditions. Checkley says, "Just as rings act as indicators of natural disasters experienced by a tree, exposure to severe weather events can leave a long-lasting mark in children." Children born post El Niño years failed to recover to pre El Niño levels.

This is a pressing matter because climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of El Niño episodes. Checkley warns that "given El Niño's cyclical nature this phenomenon may continue to negatively impact future generations." If a significant portion of young children of a county are affected, this could affect the future of a community as a whole.