Half of all patients who survive a cardiac arrest experience problems with cognitive functions such as memory and attention, according to new research from Lund University. A control group comprising heart attack patients had largely the same level of problems, which suggests that it is not only the cardiac arrest and the consequent lack of oxygen to the brain that is the cause of the patients’ difficulties.

The work involved 950 cardiac arrest patients in Europe and Australia. Six months after the cardiac arrest, half of the patients had died, and the survivors were followed up with cognitive screening tests. Both the patients and their relatives were also asked to report changes that had taken place following the cardiac arrest. Almost 300 cardiac arrest survivors also underwent more detailed tests. Their results were compared with a control group made up of heart attack patients.

“We thought there would be a clear difference between the groups, because the heart attack patients had not been exposed to any oxygen deficiency in the brain. However, they had signs of mild brain damage to almost the same extent as the cardiac arrest patients”, says Dr Tobias Cronberg, Associate Professor at Lund University and consultant neurologist at Skåne University Hospital in Lund.

The researchers believe that the cognitive problems can be explained to a high degree by the risk factors that are common to patients with different types of heart complaint, for example diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Other studies have already shown that these factors increase the risk of dementia.

“Our conclusion is that if we are to provide good treatment to cardiac arrest patients, we don’t just need to save their lives; we also need to ensure that they tackle these risk factors, for example through improved diet and more exercise. Otherwise they are at risk of developing dementia,” says Cronberg, who believes it would be good if all cardiac arrest patients received follow-up not just with regard to physical health, but also with regard to memory and attention. Both patients and their relatives have appreciated the opportunity to discuss any deterioration, its causes and how it can be addressed.

The study showed that the quality of life of most cardiac arrest survivors was generally in line with that of the rest of the population. According to Cronberg, survival in itself probably plays an important part in this: the patients know that they have come close to dying and are grateful to still be alive. The main aim of the study was to compare the effect of a body temperature of 33°C and 36°C following cardiac arrest. The researchers have previously shown that maintaining a temperature of 36°C produced the same survival rate as cooling to 33°C.

“We have now also demonstrated that not only survival but also cognitive ability is the same in patients who have been kept at 33°C or 36°C. This is very important for the reliability of the results we have previously presented,” says Cronberg.

Citation: Tobias Cronberg, MD, PhD, Gisela Lilja, OT1, Janneke Horn, MD, PhD, Jesper Kjaergaard, MD, DMSci, Matt P. Wise, MD, DPhil, Tommaso Pellis, MD, Jan Hovdenes, MD, PhD, Yvan Gasche, MD, PhD, Anders Åneman, MD, PhD, Pascal Stammet, MD, David Erlinge, MD, PhD, Hans Friberg, MD, PhD, Christian Hassager, MD, DMSci, Michael Kuiper, MD, PhD, Michael Wanscher, MD, PhD, Frank Bosch, MD, PhD, Julius Cranshaw, MD, PhD, Gian-Reto Kleger, MD, Stefan Persson, MD, Johan Undén, MD, PhD, Andrew Walden, MD, PhD, Per Winkel, MD, DMSci, Jørn Wetterslev, MD, PhD, Niklas Nielsen, MD, PhD, for the TTM Trial Investigators, "Neurologic Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Following Targeted Temperature Management at 33°C vs 36°C After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac ArrestA Randomized Clinical Trial", JAMA Neurol. April 06, 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0169