In a laboratory in Trondheim, researchers have managed to create minute particles with some very desirable properties, such as the ability to capture and break down any hormone mimics that have ended up in our waste water. These unwanted chemicals come from the kind of consumer items that make our lives easier and more comfortable. But they have consequences.
"We know that hormone mimics are harmful to us, and that they don’t break down naturally," says Per Stenstad, a SINTEF researcher and chemist. "They are something that we have created, and can be found in cleaning products, cosmetics, plastics, paint and electronics. They do not go away, but accumulate in waste water and soil".
The researcher claims that the particle can be produced cheaply and in large quantities. "The problem is that our bodies cannot tell the difference between these and real hormones, which have roughly the same shape. The real hormones include testosterone and oestrogen, which play a key role in reproduction. Because the hormone mimics are so similar to these sex hormones, this causes a real problem.
SINTEF scientist Per Stenstad. credit: SINTEF.
"The problem occurs because the fake hormones are a perfect fit for a number of receptors in the body, particularly those in the reproductive organs. Once they are there, they block the receptors from receiving the real hormones that the body is actually looking for," explains Stenstad.
As a solution to this problem, Stenstad and his colleagues have managed to produce a kind of 'decoy' – a particle that not only attracts hormone mimics but also breaks them down into harmless compounds. The particles are extremely porous. Just ten grammes of these particles have a surface area the size of a football pitch. With such a huge surface area, the capacity of the particles to capture hormone mimics is enormous.
Particle construction set
What makes the porous particles able to capture the harmful substances is the fact that their entire surface has been coated with the enzyme laccase. This enzyme is very effective in breaking down hormone mimics. It works by capturing the fake hormones and breaking them down into harmless compounds, which it then releases. The enzyme is then ready for another session. They are biocatalysts and can be used again and again.
"Laccase is extremely well suited to breaking down hormone mimics, but the problem is that if you just add laccase to waste water, it literally goes down the drain without having any effect. To get around this problem, we attach the enzyme to these particles," explains Stenstad.
The particles created in SINTEF's laboratories have been given properties that enable them not only to provide a 'home' for the efficient enzyme, but also to attract hormone mimics. The pores in the particle are large enough to allow the substance to be affected by the enzyme deep within the particle, and also to allow the harmless substances to be removed.
"We put the particles into a kind of membrane basket, through which the waste water passes. Since the enzymes are attached to the particles, they will not be washed away and will be active over a long period", says Stenstad.
The SINTEF researchers construct the particles from what are known as monomers, which are chemical building blocks that react with each other and form a kind of network. In order to create porous particles, large molecules are added to the mix, and these act as stencils. They are not involved in the reaction and can be removed afterwards.
"What happens is that the molecules leave a number of small holes behind them, and it is these that make the particle porous. And it is this porosity that makes the particle so effective, because the cavities help to give it such a large surface area", explains Stenstad, drawing something that looks rather like a very fatty slice of salami.
Finally, the particle is treated with a chemical substance that reacts with the active enzyme laccase. When that happens, the enzyme becomes anchored to the surface of the particles, so that it stays there and remains active for a long time.
"We can do all of this in a test tube, although if we want large quantities of the particle, the process can be scaled up into an enormous tank," says Stenstad.
The technology has also been tested in a pilot facility, and the results were exactly as the researchers had expected. But if the technology is to achieve its full potential, it has to get out of the laboratory and into the water treatment systems.
"The potential applications for this technology are huge, because we have managed to attach active enzymes to particles with an enormous surface area. For example, the salmon farming industry is extremely concerned about water quality, so we would like to work with them to test the particles", says Stenstad. "The method can also be used to capture CO2 from gas, so we hope that this will make more people interested in adopting our approach", he adds.
Facts about hormone mimics:
Hormone mimics are similar to the body's own hormones, and are picked up by various receptors in the cells of humans and animals. The body thinks that the hormone mimics are sex hormones. Our consumer habits mean that hormone mimics often end up in our waste water, which means that fish are particularly vulnerable, because they live in water. Because hormone mimics end up in our water, and the water is recycled, this means that these harmful substances accumulate in the water.
The results are deformities and other reproductive problems in both animals and humans. Uninhibited growth, cancer and allergies have also been linked to hormone mimics. Hormone mimics do not break down, and can be found in cosmetics, soft plastics, chemicals, cleaning products and paint – to name just a few.
Source: Christina Benjaminsen, SINTEF.
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