Sometimes errors happen, sometimes fraud happens. Sometimes methodology is suspect.

If there are potential problems in the scientific literature the choice is to discuss it privately (with the expectation that the issue will be appropriately handled) or post grievances (and even accusations) publicly. Haruko Obokata of Riken Institute in Japan came up with a groundbreaking way of making stem cells easily (you won't find it on Science 2.0) and it was called a 'Copernican revolution' in biology that promised to take stem cells out of the realm of hype and into applied heart research. It was an indictment of male-dominated science in Japan. It was also likely fraud. Obokata was only humble after the investigation showed images had been manipulated, in private talks she had been dismissive. What would have been a quiet retraction became a media storm.

And that is often the case, according to a paper in PeerJ. Allegations handled privately lead to a much smaller percentage of a correction to the literature.

Paul S. Brookes, an associate professor of anesthesiology at the University of Rochester Medical Center in upstate New York, examined the status of nearly 500 scientific articles which were submitted to his anonymous blog (Science-Fraud.org), which he ran in 2012 and was devoted to highlighting potential problems in published life sciences articles. Some 274 of these papers were blogged about, describing their problems in detail. Allegations about 223 papers never saw the light of day, due to the blog being shuttered by legal threats in early 2013. Comparing these two sets of papers for which concerns were voiced – i.e. 'public' and 'private' sets – revealed striking differences in their current status.

Despite all the problems having been reported to the journals in question, on average the publicly discussed papers were retracted or corrected 7-fold more than those for which the allegations were never publicized. This was despite similar properties between the paper sets, including the number of alleged problems per paper, the impact factor of the journals they were published in, and the number of lab' groups they originated from. Brookes says that "although a lot of people have assumed that shining more light leads to more action, no-one has actually tested this hypothesis".

In addition to more corrections and retractions, the blogged-about papers saw more combined action on the papers of particular laboratory groups. In other words, if a laboratory group had one paper with problems requiring action by a journal, this was associated with more actions on their other papers. Brookes suggests that editors may be more inclined to act on a paper if they see the sum-total of a particular lab group's problems, whereas an isolated paper may not be deemed important enough to act on, if corroborating evidence about other papers from the same group remains hidden.

Brookes was quick to highlight some important caveats to his study. First, the small sample size, focused mainly on image data in the life-sciences, makes it unclear if these findings are generalizable to the scientific literature at large. Second, due to the nature of the data collection, and the fact that the raw data set for the study is essentially a list of problems which could be interpreted as specific allegations of scientific misconduct, the study is unlikely to be repeated.

The study has some important implications for the burgeoning field of "post-publication peer review", which encompasses a number of initiatives, some of which allow their users to leave anonymous comments about any published paper. These efforts and a number of blogs on the subject have drawn criticism, but results such as those of Brookes' study suggest that these approaches can result in a greater rate of corrections to the scientific literature.

Brookes described the current system for post-publication peer review as a work in progress, stating "there's a need for this type of discussion, but the jury is still out on exactly what the best system is, who should be allowed to comment, will they be afforded anonymity, and of course who will pay for and police all this activity".