All life on the planet relies, in one way or another, on a process called carbon fixation: the ability of plants, algae and certain bacteria to "pump" carbon dioxide (CO2) from the environment, add solar or other energy and turn it into the sugars that are the required starting point needed for life processes. At the top of the food chain are different organisms (some of which think, mistakenly, that they are "more advanced") that use the opposite means of survival: they eat sugars (made by photosynthetic plants and microorganisms) and then release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Eukaryotic microalgae are increasingly important for the sustainable production of environmental friendly, renewable biochemicals and biofuels. Recent technological advances in genomics and physiology of algae to produce industrially relevant products combined with advanced tools for genetic manipulation have enabled bioengineering of new strains of algae that heretofore had been impossible. The complexity of the eukaryotic genome (having nuclear, chloroplastic and mitochondrial genomes) provides challenges but opportunities that are not possible in prokaryotic systems.

The new stem cell-containing bio ink allows 3D printing of living tissue, known as bio-printing.

The new bio-ink contains two different polymer components: a natural polymer extracted from seaweed, and a sacrificial synthetic polymer used in the medical industry, and both had a role to play.

The synthetic polymer causes the bio-ink to change from liquid to solid when the temperature is raised, and the seaweed polymer provides structural support when the cell nutrients are introduced.

Plant development includes the initiation of structure patterning, and maturation as plants grow via cell division, elongation, and differentiation. Unlike animals that form all their body parts early in their life, plants constantly generate new structures from meristems in the apex, vascular, and cork cambium tissues throughout their lives. This process is regulated by interactions of endogenous genetic mechanisms and environmental stimuli. When reaching certain developmental stage, plants can sense environmental changes, which stimulate reproductive development from the vegetative phase to generate new individual plants or offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction.

New Haven, Conn. -- A Yale-led study describes how a known cancer gene, EGFR, silences genes that typically suppress tumors. The finding, published in Cell Reports, may lead to the development of more effective, individualized treatment for patients with lung cancer and other cancer types.

Mutations in the EGFR gene are linked to multiple cancer types, including cancers of the lung, brain, and breast. Yet scientists did not know precisely how EGFR represses genes that prevent cancers. The Yale team conducted multiple experiments and found that EGFR silences tumor suppressor genes in lung cancer and glioblastoma, a type of brain cancer.

WASHINGTON, DC (June 23, 2016) - The remarkable progress made over the past 30 years to reduce fractures and dramatically improve the quality of life for millions of osteoporosis patients is rapidly being reversed, say two bone health experts in a Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (JBMR) article published online today.