Scientists have long known that sperm's activity level depends on their internal pH. And now researchers writing in Cell say they have found the channel that allows the tiny cells to rid themselves of protons. Once in the female reproductive tract, that proton release changes their internal environment from acidic to alkaline and begins their race to the finish line. The findings offer new insight into a critical event in human fertilization and may lead to new ways of controlling male fertility.

"The concentration of protons inside the [sperm] cell is 1,000 times higher than outside," said Yuriy Kirichok of the University of California, San Francisco. "If you just open a pore, protons will go outside. We identify the molecule that lets them out."

Researchers liken the quiescent sperm cells to balloons inflated with protons instead of air. If you open a hole in the sperm, protons will readily flow out. In fact, each sperm's flagellum is covered in many so-called Hv1 proton channels, they show. When the channels are activated by external cues, the flood gates open and protons escape from many pores at once.

 There are many conditions that open up the Hv1 pore, including alkaline conditions and the removal of zinc outside the cell. They also open when exposed to the endocannabinoid known as anandamide, a substance that is present in both the male and female reproductive tracts and that may be at particularly high levels in the vicinity of the egg.

 Endocannabinoids are natural lipids that influence the activity of neurons. They are so named because they act on the same receptors that the active component of marijuana does. It remains to be shown, but that connection might explain why marijuana has been linked to impaired male fertility. "Marijuana likely activates sperm prematurely, leaving them burnt out in a matter of hours," Kirichok said.

Perhaps most importantly, the newly discovered Hv1 channel may allow for new ways to modify the activity of sperm in either direction. In fact, many key biochemical reactions in sperm depend on intracellular pH levels, including its initial activation, hyperactivation once near the fallopian tubes and the acrosome reaction, in which enzymes are released to penetrate the egg.

"All of these events are essential to fertilization," Kirichok said. "You can imagine now that we know the molecule responsible we could block it to prevent activation and fertilization as a kind of male contraception." On the other hand, you might also give some sperm the extra boost they need.



Citation: Lishko et al., 'Acid Extrusion from Human Spermatozoa Is Mediated by Flagellar Voltage-Gated Proton Channel', Cell, February 2010, 140 (3); doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.053