Coral reefs and hard-shelled sea creatures such as oysters and mussels are constantly being threatened, not only by the detrimental effects of stressors such as climate change and habitat loss, but also by microorganisms.

Researchers have discovered how a particular type of cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic microbe, is able to bore into and live within solid carbonates, the main mineral that makes up coral skeletons and seashells -- hastening their erosion and causing trouble for shellfish farmers.  

Organisms that can do this, known as euendoliths, infest many kinds of rock, but they are especially adept at boring into rock types that consist of calcium carbonate, such as limestone and marble used to make sculptures, buildings and other man-made structures.

A laser confocal microscope image showing cells full of calcium (green) and cells with normal intracellular calcium, which can undergo photosynthesis (red) while infesting a piece of calcium carbonate (gray). Both boring and non-boring bacterial filaments are visible: those extending out of the chip are much larger in diameter. Calcium accumulation is seen mostly toward the ends of filaments. Credit: Brandon Guida

Brandon Guida, a School of Life Sciences doctoral candidate and lead author of the study, said: "The mechanisms by which these organisms can excavate carbonates and live inside rocks were, until now, a real mystery that seemed to go against the laws of chemistry. But now we have a better idea how they do it." Their findings confirm several previous hypotheses.

The scientists found that these rock-busting microbes, orchestrate the activities of many cells in a coordinated way to transport mineral calcium to the surface, much like a conveyor. This type of cell to cell calcium transport has never been observed in bacteria before.

Too much calcium inside any cell can be toxic, and all known life forms keep it at very low levels inside. However, this particular cyanobacterium can move a lot of calcium though its cells. To prevent calcium from becoming toxic in most cells, they develop a few special cells -- a type of "calcium depot" -- also never seen before, to help store and regulate the release of the calcium in an organized fashion.

"The level of cellular specialization and organization observed in this single bacterium is remarkable. Our research here supports the idea that bacteria are not just simple unicellular organisms but can be sophisticated, organized and truly multicellular," added Guida.

While this research answers many questions, more remain, such as why these microbes bore in the first place and how can they survive the intracellular calcium concentration the scientists do observe. The researchers say the next steps will be to look at the genes used by this cyanobacterium and to study whether these bacteria are actually consuming the carbon in the rock as well.

 Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.