The distinctive "fecal prints" of microbes could provide a record of how Earth and life have co-evolved over the past 3.5 billion years as the planet's temperature, oxygen levels, and greenhouse gases have changed but it's been difficult to decipher much of the information contained in this record.

A new project sheds light on the mysterious digestive processes of microbes, opening the way towards a better understanding of how life and the planet have changed over time. Using a new technique, researchers  focused on the microbes that live on the ocean floor where the microbes consume the sulfate found in seawater because oxygen is in short supply.

Global temperatures, carbon dioxide concentrations, and oxygen levels all determine whether these sulfate-using microbes are living in times of plenty, and growing fast, or in times of need, and growing slowly. The record of these changes is to be found in the microbial wastes and more specifically in how much, or how little, of the sulfate compound the microbes trim off.

The microbes are ultra-picky diners. Like many humans, they prefer to keep their consumption light. And just as careful carnivores will trim the fat from the edge of their steak, these microbes tend to reject sulfur if it is just a neutron or two heavier than normal. 

In times of plenty, as growth speeds up and the microbes need to take in more sulfate they are less discriminating and will trim off, or "fractionate" less. Like a glutton is wolfing down a slab of roast beef, they don't spend time cutting off the fat. But in times when resources are more limited, as growth slows down, microbes trim off or fractionate more. It's like dining with a freegan who insists on trimming off the rank exterior of an expired rump roast to find the single unspoiled piece of meat inside.

The new research explains these peculiar dining preferences for microbes and, for the first time, links it to how much of what they consume is stored inside their cells. Although the "fecal print" analysis was developed for the sulfate-reducing microbes found under the seabed, as co-author Itay Halevy of points out, the new work has larger implications. "It can be applied to many other microbial metabolisms that are important to earth system functioning today, from the denitrifiers that drive Earth's nitrogen cycle to the microbes that produce the greenhouse gas methane."

Co-author Boswell Wing credits a sharp McGill undergrad with asking the question that inspired this research. "When I started at McGill I told an undergrad that we were going to grow some microbes in the lab to see how they fractionated, so that then we could look for this as a bio signature in some wicked old rocks," says Wing. "She gave me a super skeptical look and asked if I knew that microbes evolve. That fundamental question is now behind the majority of the research in my lab, where we are trying to understand ever-evolving relationship between our planet and its microbial majority."

This research was funded by: National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (BAW); Feinberg Foundation Visiting Faculty Program at the Weizmann Institute of Science (BAW); European Research Council (IH); Israel Science Foundation (IH)

Citation: PNAS, "Intracellular metabolite levels shape sulfur isotope fractionation during microbial sulfate respiration", Boswell A. Wing, Itay Halevy, To read the full article in PNAS: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/10/30/1407502111