In patients with seriously altered states of consciousness, there is also the puzzle about dreaming.   Do ‘vegetative’ patients (also known in clunkier, politically correct fashion as patients in a state of unresponsive wakefulness) or minimally conscious state patients experience normal sleep?  Electrophysiological studies have been no help so the hypothesis is if the vegetative state opens no conscious door onto the external world, the state of minimal consciousness for its part assumes a residual consciousness of the environment, certainly fluctuating but real.

It is this question of difference which has led a group of researchers at the Coma Science Group (University of Liège and CHU Liège) and the universities of Wisconsin and Milan to compare the sleep of these two types of brain damaged patients.  They say the results demonstrate the necessity of an adapted and specific medical care for each of these states.

The researchers’ work rested on a sample of 11 subjects (6 in a state of minimal consciousness and 5 in a vegetative state) and made use of high density (256 electrodes)  electroencephalography (EEG). The goal was to determine the structure of sleep within the two types of patient.

We used as a marker of arousal the fact that the subject had his/her eyes open and muscle tone, and as a marker of sleep the fact that the patient had closed eyes and muscle inactivity," said Dr. Steven Laureys, the Director of the Coma Science Group.

The high density EEG revealed that the brain’s electrical activity differed very little between sleep and wake states in patients in a vegetative state. On the other hand the sleep of patients in a minimally conscious state had characteristics very close to that of normal sleep in a healthy subject. They showed changes in “slow wave” activity in the front of the brain considered important for learning and neural plasticity. It also appeared that these patients produced NREM (non rapid eye movement) slow wave sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which is the support for dream activity.

"Everything thus indicates that they have access to dreaming," emphasizes Laureys. "As a result, we can legitimately suppose that they still have a form of consciousness of self in addition to a certain consciousness of the external world."

The study brings to light a relationship between the electrophysiology of sleep and the degree of consciousness in severely brain damaged patients. Once validated, the method used could constitute an additional tool to evaluate, in a routine clinical setting, the potential maintenance of a residual consciousness in these patients.

Citation: ‘Electrophysiological correlates of behavioural changes in vigilance in vegetative state and minimally conscious state’, Brain (2011) 134 (8): 2222-2232. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr152, Eric Landsness, Marie-Aurélie Bruno, Quentin Noirhomme, Brady Riedner, Olivia Gosseries, Caroline Schnakers, Marcello Massimini, Steven Laureys, Giulio Tononi, Mélanie Boly