Gobies are the little fish you may have seen under the pier or swimming around your feet in salty water if you’ve visited the coasts of Western Europe. These seemingly boring brownish fish live a hectic life, lasting only one year. Up close, the gobies are as glamorous as gold fish, in orange fish frocks and shiny bellies full of eggs.

Secretly, they are the stars of “Fishteria Lane.” As the mating season draws to an end, guys drop dead by the hour, making goby girls go all out in their hunt for a mate to father their offspring. 

There's no time to be coy.

Two-spotted gobies are tiny fishes with a remarkable sex life amongst the seaweeds. Snorkeling in chilly Nordic waters, PhD student Lise Cats Myhre and colleagues at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) followed several hundred female gobies in their mating game. The team saw a complete change in sexual eagerness by the two sexes as the season progressed. Whilst spring shyness was the rule amongst the fish ladies, mid-summer females were anything but coy: they almost always took the initiative in love affairs, and very rarely rejected a male mating offer. For the goby boys it was it was exactly opposite; they were eager to mate in the cold spring waters, but seemingly with no interest in ladies and sex in high summer.

"Their need to breed is obvious, Myhre says. "They only have the one season to give birth. We saw up close how goby girls grew progressively more desperate, and less shy, as summer approached and the number of possible mates dropped."

The goby males are single parents and stay-at-home dads. The researchers don’t quite know why, but the number of goby males drop fast during the spring and early summer.

"They may have a hard time defending their territory and at the same time caring for the eggs, Myhre explains. "Doing so may both exhaust them and make them more exposed to predators than the females which live a much more relaxed social life in flocks.

"By mid-summer the mating game just changed completely. Males were often surrounded by harems of willing females showing off their bellies nearly bursting of eggs. I never saw that early in the season."

Sex roles not fixed

The team of scientists, led by Professor Trond Amundsen at NTNU, studied the two-spotted goby, a small fish living in kelp forests along rocky shores of Scandinavia. These fishes experience dramatic changes in the ratio of mating-ready males to females over the breeding season, with males in majority early on but with much more females than males on the mating arena by the end of the season. The team has previously shown that the goby males prefer colourful females, and that the male to female ratio changes dramatically over the season.

The new research shows that, when males are scarce the female mating competition is strong. The males get picky about partners, whilst the goby girls offer their services to almost any male they meet and only rarely say “no”. This results in a reversal of the sex roles, with progressively more coy males and very eager females in the high summer.

"It is time to realize that sex roles of animals are not fixed, Amundsen says.  'Like us, animals adjust their sexual behaviours to competition and sexual opportunities. These dynamics cannot be overlooked if we want to understand how animal reproduction is regulated."

Citation: Lise Cats Myhre, Karen de Jong, Elisabet Forsgren and Trond Amundsen, 'Sex Roles and Mutual Mate Choice Matters during Mate Sampling', American Naturalist, June 2012, page 8 http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665651