Some studies show that estrogen is 'an elixir for the brain', sharpening mental performance in humans and animals and showing promise as a treatment for disorders of the brain such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.  And don't get us started on what it's doing to males through pollution.

Yet long-term estrogen therapy, once prescribed routinely for menopausal women, is shown to increase the risk of cancer, heart disease and stroke.

If the benefits are real, can you get them without the risks (which are definitely real)?  Northwestern Medicine researchers say that using a special compound, they 'flipped a switch' that mimics the effect of estrogen on cortical brain cells. The scientists also say they found how estrogen physically works in brain cells to boost mental performance, which had not been known. 

When the researchers activated an estrogen receptor, they witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of connections between brains cells, or neurons. Those dendritic spines are tiny bridges that enable the brain cells to talk to each other. 

"We created more sites that could allow for more communication between the cells," said lead investigator Deepak Srivastava, research assistant professor in neuroscience at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. "We are building more bridges so more information can go from one cell to another."

Previous research has shown an increase in dendritic spines improves mental performance in animals. In humans, people who have Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia often have a decrease in these spines. 

"We think there is a strong link between the number of dendritic spines and your mental performance," Srivastava said. "A major theory is if you increase the number of spines, it could be a way to treat these significant mental illnesses. "

Northwestern scientists also found strong clues that estrogen can be produced in cortical brain cells. They identified aromatase, a critical protein needed to produce estrogen, to be in precisely the right spot in the brain cell to make more dendritic spines.

"We've found that the machinery needed to make estrogen in these brain cells is near the dendritic spines," Srivastava said. "It's exactly where it's needed. There's a lot of it in the right place at the right time. "

Next, Srivastava said, he wants to further identify the key molecules involved in the dendritic spine production and target them in the same way as the estrogen receptor in order to ultimately be able to treat schizophrenia and other mental disorders.

Nick Brandon, head of psychiatry at Pfizer Inc., whose group collaborated with the Penzes lab for this work, added, "We are very excited by the emerging data in this area. There is a great deal of literature and precedent for a role of estrogen and estrogen signaling in major mental illnesses. This adds to our understanding of the specific neuronal functions. As we understand the effects of these specific estrogen receptor beta compounds in preclinical models, we are discovering effects on specific neuronal functions, which could be relevant for the treatment of cognitive disorders, depression and schizophrenia. "

The findings were presented today at Neuroscience 2010 in San Diego. Peter Penzes, associate professor of physiology and of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Feinberg School, is the senior investigator.