In lung cancer, the prognosis is poor. In Norway, 85 percent of lung cancer patients die within five years, the authors say, and what is unfortunate is that the tumor can grow for a long time before even being detected. Most patients have their first diagnosis made by x-ray imaging.
Yet no one had investigated how well x-ray images function when it comes to detecting lung cancer and other diseases of the chest region, the authors of a new study say.
“X-ray technology has remained nearly unaltered for one hundred years,” says Trond Mogens Aaløkken at the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital. In cooperation with a group of physicists at the Intervention Centre he has made a comparison of the proportion of patients who obtain a correct diagnosis with x-ray images and how many patients might have obtained a correct diagnosis with computer tomography (CT), which is a far more modern imaging technology.
While x-ray images are two-dimensional, CT images are three-dimensional. CT images can thus reveal the exact location of the tumor.
Joanna Kristiansen (from left), Trond Mogens Aaløkken and Anne Catrine Trægde Martinsen have developed a new method that detects cancer far better than the current, old-fashioned x-ray procedure. Photo: Yngve Vogt
Too much radiation before
Until now, the radiation dose from examinations of lungs with CT has been one hundred times higher than from regular x-ray examinations. A CT scan is equivalent to five years of natural background radiation so radiologists have been reluctant to use CT for an initial diagnosis of lung cancer.
If the x-ray examination is negative, some months may pass before the patient is referred for a CT scan. By then, it may already be too late.
“It’s sad that so many come to be treated too late because the hospitals are reluctant to use CT. The survival rate can be increased significantly if the lung cancer is initially detected by CT,” Aaløkken points out to the research magazine Apollon.
In recent years, CT scanners have become far more effective. The mathematical method for reconstructing pictures has changed completely. This means that the images now contain more information, while the radiation dose has decreased. Researchers at the Intervention Centre have now succeeded in producing CT images with the same low radiation dose as a regular x-ray image.
“We still cannot achieve the same high-quality images by replacing standard full-dose CT with ultra low-dose CT, but we have wondered whether the old low-quality x-ray examinations can be replaced by ultra low-dose CT. Although the CT dose is nearly as low as for a chest x-ray, we can obtain far more information from the images,” says associate professor Anne Catrine Trægde Martinsen, who works at the Intervention Centre and the Department of Physics, University of Oslo.
To find out what works best, the researchers have undertaken a pilot study in which they made both x-ray images and ultra low-dose CT images of a small sample of patients for whom the researchers knew the correct answer beforehand.
The radiologists who examined the images did not know what ailed the patients, but they were aware of being part of a research project, and they were told to search for all possible diseases of the chest region.
From 18 to 89 percent hits
The results were remarkable. By studying the x-ray images, the radiologists found the correct answer in only 18 percent of the cases. In other words, they missed 82 percent of the diagnoses. With ultra low-dose CT, the radiologists made a correct diagnosis in 89 percent of the cases.
“X-rays are taken out of old habit, but with x-ray the cancer is detected too late. It’s therefore smart to use ultra low-dose CT to be able to detect the disease in time,” Aaløkken states.
Moreover, with x-ray images the radiologists detected fifteen times as many false positives. A false positive means that the patient is told that he is ill, even if he is as fit as a fiddle.
“False positives are a burden on the patient. They also entail unnecessary check-ups, which incur a high cost on society,” says Aaløkken, who concludes, "With an x-ray examination, there is a high likelihood that you will not have any answer as to whether you are ill, and an answer that says that you are ill even though you are healthy. Many are diagnosed too late. This is a dramatic consequence of the fact that the health services give priority to x-ray images above CT images.
“Even though our results are extremely convincing, we need to undertake a full-scale test to be absolutely certain.”
A question of economics
Before the diagnostic procedure is changed, the researchers must calculate the cost to society.
“A CT machine costs ten times more than an x-ray machine, but it is also costly to treat patients with advanced lung cancer.
Most people believe that x-ray is a quicker procedure than CT. This is not so.
“An x-ray check takes five minutes. A low-dose CT check goes almost as quickly; it takes seven minutes. On the other hand, the radiologists need two to three times longer to interpret a CT image,” Aaløkken and Martinsen underscore.
Odd Terje Brustugun, associate professor at the Department of Oncology at Oslo University Hospital and assistant professor at the Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiO, confirms that Aaløkken and Martinsen are on the right track.
“As far as I have understood, the method can be used on existing, modern CT machines. Before it can replace ordinary chest x-ray some work needs to be done in terms of the resource situation and training of radiographers and radiologists. The method should be tested on a greater number of patients and compared to other techniques on a larger scale before we can conclude how well it works,” Brustugun points out.
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