A team of researchers at Penn Sate has used an animal model to reveal, for the first time, a physiological basis for the effect of alcohol on male sexual behavior, including increased sexual arousal and decreased sexual inhibition.

The research in PLoS ONE resulted in four novel findings with broad importance for further addiction research. It is the first study to characterize the effects of chronic alcohol exposure in fruit flies. "Physiological evidence supporting various theories about the effect of alcoholic drinks has been lacking, so our now having a suitable animal model makes it possible to conduct much-needed laboratory research on this issue," explains research-team-leader Kyung-An Han, associate professor of biology and a neuroscientist at Penn State. Information from this research can serve as a baseline for similar studies in other animals, including humans.

In contrast to previous studies in other labs, which subjected fruit flies to short-term doses of ethanol -- the intoxicating ingredient in alcoholic drinks -- Han's team administered to fruit flies a daily dose of ethanol to more closely mimic the drinking habits of alcoholics and chronic alcohol abusers. The team investigated several factors that influence the physiological effects of ethanol, including genetic and cellular components, age, and prior experience.


The wild-type male flies in the absence (left) or presence (right) of ethanol vapor in the Flypub experimental chamber. Bottom: The transgenic TH-GAL4/UAS-Shits male flies with (left) or without (right) dopamine neuronal activities during ethanol exposure. Credit: Hyun-Gwan Lee, Penn State.

Among the team's discoveries is that male fruit flies, which typically court females, also actively court males when they are given a daily dose of ethanol. "We identified three molecules that are crucial for "ethanol-induced courtship disinhibition," Han said. In one of the team's experiments, Han and her students generated transgenic flies whose brain activities regulated by the neurotransmitter dopamine could be turned off temporarily by changing the temperature to 32-degrees C.

"Without a temperature change, the transgenic males showed conspicuous inter-male courtship under the influence of ethanol; however, they exhibited negligible inter-male courtship when we changed the temperature to block the transmission of dopamine neurons in the brain," Han said. "This result suggests that dopamine is a key mediator of ethanol-induced inter-male courtship."

A second discovery is that repeated exposure to ethanol causes male flies to engage in more inter-male courtship, a phenomenon known as "behavioral sensitization." "If a behavior like alcohol consumption becomes more pleasurable the more often you do it, you are more likely to keep doing it," Han explained. Because the researchers suspect that behavioral sensitization results from adaptive changes in the brain's cells and molecules induced by chronic alcohol consumption, they plan to use behavioral sensitization as a model for further physiological studies of alcohol-associated behavior and addiction.


The dissected fly brain is stained for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity to visualize dopamine neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase is a rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine biosynthesis and is present in dopamine neurons. Dopamine neurons comprise only about 0.1 percent of all the neurons in the fly brain. Credit: Young-Cho Kim, Penn State

"This part of our study demonstrates that sexual behavior is not determined only during an organism's development, but it also can be influenced by a post-developmental environmental factor; in this case, recurring exposure to ethanol," Han said. "These findings represent the first demonstration of enduring behavioral changes induced by recurring ethanol exposure in a fly model."

A third achievement of the team's research is its demonstration that daily ethanol exposure induces chronic tolerance to the sedative effect of ethanol in flies, as it does in other animals. Han and her students also made a fourth discovery -- that ethanol-induced intermale courtship is affected by aging.

"As flies get older, their cognitive capacities decline, making them more susceptible to the negative effect of ethanol on cognition," Han reports. The research revealed that, under the influence of ethanol, middle-aged and old male flies (2- to 4-weeks old) have a higher propensity for uninhibited inter-male courtship compared to fully mature male flies (4-days old).

"As a result of our research with the fruit fly, we are now just beginning to discover the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neural changes in the brain that result from the chronic use of alcohol and that result in alcohol addiction and other behavior changes in our fly model," Han said. Taken together, the studies described by Han's team provide novel insights into the physiological effects of chronic ethanol exposure on sexual behavior and adaptive physiological changes within the brain, plus a foundation for future research on the effect of alcohol consumption on sexual behavior in mammals and other species.

The research was supported by the grants from National Institute of Health and the National Science Foundation. In addition to Han, other members of the research team include Hyun-Gwan Lee, a doctoral student in Penn State's Integrative Biosciences Graduate Program; Young-Cho Kim, who in August 2007 earned his doctorate in neuroscience at Penn State; and Jennifer Dunning, an undergraduate student majoring in biology. Penn State undergraduate students Matthew Austin, Ian McInnis, Michael Park, and Jessica White also contributed to various aspects of this research.