It is said that nothing dies of old age in the ocean, that everything gets
eaten and all that remains of anything is waste.

But that waste is pure gold to
oceanographer David Siegel, director of the Earth Research Institute at U.C. Santa
Barbara.

In a study of the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle, Siegel and his colleagues used those nuggets to their advantage. They incorporated the lifecycle of phytoplankton
and zooplankton — small, often microscopic animals at the bottom of the food chain —into a novel mechanistic model for assessing the global ocean carbon export. 

The researchers used satellite observations including determinations of net primary production (NPP) — the net production of organic matter from aqueous carbon dioxide (CO₂) by phytoplankton — to drive their food-web-based model. The scientists
focused on the ocean's biological pump, which exports organic carbon from the euphotic zone — the well-lit, upper ocean — through sinking particulate matter, largely from zooplankton feces and aggregates of algae. Once these leave the euphotic zone, sinking into the ocean depths, the carbon can be sequestered for a season or for centuries.

 This graphic shows the global carbon budget with black arrows and values reflecting the natural carbon cycle and red the anthropogenic perturbation. Credit: 2007 IPCC report

"What we've done here is create the first step toward monitoring the strength and
efficiency of the biological pump using satellite observations," said Siegel, who is also a professor of marine science in UCSB's Department of Geography. "The approach is unique in that previous ways have been empirical without considering the dynamics of the ocean food web." The space/time patterns created by those empirical approaches are inconsistent with how oceanographers think the oceans should work, he noted.

Carbon is present in the atmosphere and is stored in soils, oceans and the Earth's
crust. Any movement of carbon between — or in the case of the ocean, within — these reservoirs is called a flux. According to the researchers, oceans are a central component in the global carbon cycle through their storage, transport and transformations of carbon
constituents.

"Quantifying this carbon flux is critical for predicting the atmosphere's response
to changing climates," Siegel said. "By analyzing the scattering signals that we got from satellite measurements of the ocean's color, we were able to develop techniques to calculate how much of the biomass occurs in very large or very small particles."

Shown are the links among the ocean's biological pump and pelagic food web. Light blue waters are the euphotic zone, while the darker blue waters represent the twilight zone. Courtesy of the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

Their results predict a mean global carbon export flux of 6 petagrams (Pg) per year. Also known as a gigaton, a petagram is equal to one quadrillion (10¹⁵) grams. This is a huge amount, roughly equivalent to the annual global emissions of fossil fuel. At present, fossil fuel combustion represents a flux to the atmosphere of approximately 9 Pg
per year. 

Global mean determinations of the efficiency of the biological pump from (left) the present food-web model and (right) an empirical method that models export efficiency as a function of the sea surface temperature (SST). Credit: UCSB

"It matters how big and small the plankton are, and it matters what the energy flows are in the food web," Siegel said. "This is so simple. It's really who eats whom but also having an idea of the biomasses and productivity of each. So we worked out these advanced ways of determining NPP, phytoplankton biomass and the size structure to formulate mass budgets, all derived from satellite data."

The researchers are taking their model one step further by planning a major field
program designed to better understand the states in which the biological pump operates. "Understanding the biological pump is critical," Siegel concluded. "We need to understand where carbon goes, how much of it goes into the organic matter, how that affects the air-sea exchanges of CO₂ and what happens to fossil fuel we have emitted from our tailpipes."