The evolution of the complex, weight-bearing hips of walking animals from the basic hips of fish was a much simpler process than previously thought, according to a new paper.

Tetrapods, four-legged animals, first came to land about 395 million years ago - a significant step, literally and figuratively, and it was made possible by strong hipbones and a connection through the spine via an ilium, features that were not present in the fish ancestors of tetrapods. 

The researchers compared the hip development, bones and musculature, of the Australian lung fish and the Axolotl, commonly known as the Mexican Walking Fish, some of our closest fish cousins. The results showed that the transition from simple fish hip to complex weight-bearing hip could be done in a few evolutionary steps.

They found the differences between us and them are not as great as they appear - most of the key elements necessary for the transformation to human hips were actually already present in our fish ancestors.

Here is pop superstar Shakira duplicating the water-land migration of 395 million years ago and demonstrating how important hips are:

In a study published in the journal Evolution and Development, Dr Catherine Boisvert of the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute at Monash University, MacQuarie University's Professor Jean Joss and Professor Per Ahlberg of Uppsala University examined the hip structures of some of human's closest fish cousins.

"Many of the muscles thought to be "new" in tetrapods evolved from muscles already present in lungfish. We also found evidence of a new, more simple path by which skeletal structures would have evolved," said co-author  Dr. Catherine Boisvert of the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute at Monash University .

The researchers found that the sitting bones would have evolved by the extension of the already existing pubis. The connection to the vertebral column could have evolved from an illiac process already present in fish.

The hips of Axolotls, pictured here, are also interesting to scientists. Credit: ThinkStock, link: Monash University

"The transition from ocean-dwelling to land-dwelling animals was a major event in the evolution of terrestrial animals, including humans, and an altered hip was an essential enabling step,"  Boisvert said. "Our research shows that what initially appeared to be a large change in morphology could be done with relatively few developmental steps."

(edit to show open access URL) Published in Evolution and Development. Catherine Anne Boisvert, Jean MP Joss and Per E Ahlberg, 'Comparative pelvic development of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri): conservation and innovation across the fish-tetrapod transition', EvoDevo 2013, 4:3 doi:10.1186/2041-9139-4-3